A new study suggests that American doctors are telling patients to take cough or cold medicines less often than they did a few years ago.
一项新的研究表明，与几年前相比，美国医生建议病人服用咳嗽或感冒药的次数减少了。
The study comes at a time when health experts say these treatments may be ineffective or have serious side effects, mainly in young children.
这项研究发表时，健康专家表示，这些治疗可能无效或有严重的副作用，主要是对幼儿来说。
Recommendations against giving cough and cold medicines to young children have become increasingly common in the United States since 2008. That was the year when the Food and Drug Administration advised against giving "over-the-counter" cough and cold drugs to children under the age of 2. Over-the-counter medicines are sold directly to patients or caregivers without doctors' orders or prescriptions.
自2008年以来，反对给幼儿服用咳嗽和感冒药的建议在美国越来越普遍。那一年，美国食品和药物管理局建议不要给2岁以下儿童服用“非处方”止咳和感冒药。非处方药物可在不需医嘱或处方的情况下直接出售给患者或护理员。
Soon after, drug manufacturers recommended against cough and cold drugs for boys and girls under the age of 4. The American Academy of Pediatrics advised against these drugs for kids under the age of 6.
不久之后，药品制造商建议4岁以下的男孩和女孩不要服用咳嗽和感冒药。美国儿科学会建议6岁以下儿童不要服用这些药物。
Researchers wanted to see how these recommendations have influenced doctors' prescriptions to patients. So they looked at records representing 3.1 billion pediatric visits from 2002 to 2015. All of the patients were babies or children.
研究人员想知道这些建议是如何影响医生给病人开处方的。因此，他们查看了2002年至2015年31亿次儿科就诊记录。所有患者都是婴儿或儿童。
The researchers looked at doctors' prescriptions of drugs for treating coughs and colds. They considered drugs both with and without opioids and antihistamines. Opioids are a group of drugs meant to reduce pain. They are available legally by prescription. Doctors often recommend antihistamines to help people suffering from allergic reactions.
研究人员查看了医生开出的治疗咳嗽和感冒的处方药。他们考虑了药物包含和不包含阿片类物质和抗组胺剂的情况。阿片类药物是旨在减少疼痛的一组药物。这类药物可通过处方合法获得。医生通常会建议用抗组胺药物来帮助出现过敏反应的患者。
The researchers compared the years before 2008 to the years after 2008. They found a 70% drop in prescriptions for non-opioid cough and cold medicines for children under 2 years old. Recommendations for cough and cold drugs with opioids dropped by 90% among children under 6 years old.
研究人员将2008年前后的记录进行了对比。他们发现，为2岁以下儿童开出的非阿片类止咳和感冒药处方下降了70%。而建议6岁以下儿童服用阿片类止咳药和感冒药的处方下降了90%。
Doctor Daniel Horton was lead author of a report on the study. He is a researcher at the Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in New Jersey.
丹尼尔·霍顿博士是该研究报告的主要作者。他是新泽西州罗格斯大学罗伯特伍德约翰逊医学院的一名研究员。
Our study suggests that doctors responded to professional warnings against the use of cough and cold medicines in young children, he said.
他说:“我们的研究表明，医生对针对幼儿使用咳嗽和感冒药的专业警告做出了回应。”
Antihistamine recommendations for young children increased during the period, however.
然而，在此同时，建议幼儿服用抗组胺剂的处方却增加了。
Given that many parents want some treatment, one might guess that some doctors started recommending antihistamines more often as a safer alternative to other cough and cold (medicines), even though there is little evidence that they actually work to treat colds in children, Horton said by email.
霍顿在电子邮件中说:“鉴于许多父母都想要医生进行一些治疗，我们猜测，一些医生开始更多地推荐抗组胺药，作为其他咳嗽和感冒药的更安全的替代品，尽管几乎没有证据表明它们真的能治疗儿童感冒。”
The study had limitations. One was that researchers lacked information about whether parents followed recommendations to take or avoid specific medicines. Parents also might have given kids drugs that were not recommended by doctors, the researchers noted. Their findings were published in JAMA Pediatrics.
这项研究存在局限性。其中之一是，在家长是否按照医嘱让孩子服用或避免特定药物方面，研究人员缺乏相关信息。研究人员指出，父母也可能给孩子服用医生不推荐的药物。他们的研究结果发表在《美国医学会儿科学》杂志上。
Generally, colds in children do not need to be treated with medicines, and children will get better on their own, Horton said. He added that, "Children should see their doctors if they are not able to keep up with fluids, appear dehydrated or lethargic, have difficulty breathing, have fevers that persist for several days, or if there are other concerns."
霍顿说，一般来说，儿童感冒不需要药物治疗，孩子会自己好起来的。他补充说:“但如果孩子们不能补充水分，出现脱水或嗜睡，呼吸困难，发烧持续数天或其他症状，应该立即去看医生。”
I'm John Russell.
约翰·拉塞尔报道。
A new study suggests that American doctors are telling patients to take cough or cold medicines less often than they did a few years ago.
The study comes at a time when health experts say these treatments may be ineffective or have serious side effects, mainly in young children.
Recommendations against giving cough and cold medicines to young children have become increasingly common in the United States since 2008. That was the year when the Food and Drug Administration advised against giving "over-the-counter" cough and cold drugs to children under the age of 2. Over-the-counter medicines are sold directly to patients or caregivers without doctors' orders or prescriptions.
Soon after, drug manufacturers recommended against cough and cold drugs for boys and girls under the age of 4. The American Academy of Pediatrics advised against these drugs for kids under the age of 6.
Researchers wanted to see how these recommendations have influenced doctors' prescriptions to patients. So they looked at records representing 3.1 billion pediatric visits from 2002 to 2015. All of the patients were babies or children.
The researchers looked at doctors' prescriptions of drugs for treating coughs and colds. They considered drugs both with and without opioids and antihistamines. Opioids are a group of drugs meant to reduce pain. They are available legally by prescription. Doctors often recommend antihistamines to help people suffering from allergic reactions.
The researchers compared the years before 2008 to the years after 2008. They found a 70% drop in prescriptions for non-opioid cough and cold medicines for children under 2 years old. Recommendations for cough and cold drugs with opioids dropped by 90% among children under 6 years old.
Doctor Daniel Horton was lead author of a report on the study. He is a researcher at the Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in New Jersey.
"Our study suggests that doctors responded to professional warnings against the use of cough and cold medicines in young children," he said.
Antihistamine recommendations for young children increased during the period, however.
"Given that many parents want some treatment, one might guess that some doctors started recommending antihistamines more often as a safer alternative to other cough and cold (medicines), even though there is little evidence that they actually work to treat colds in children," Horton said by email.
The study had limitations. One was that researchers lacked information about whether parents followed recommendations to take or avoid specific medicines. Parents also might have given kids drugs that were not recommended by doctors, the researchers noted. Their findings were published in JAMA Pediatrics.
Generally, colds in children do not need to be treated with medicines, and children will get better on their own, Horton said. He added that, "Children should see their doctors if they are not able to keep up with fluids, appear dehydrated or lethargic, have difficulty breathing, have fevers that persist for several days, or if there are other concerns."
I'm John Russell.
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Words in This Story
cough - n. the act of expelling air with a sudden, sharp sound
cold - n. a viral infection of the nose and throat
recommendation - n. the act of suggesting or proposing something
pediatric - adj. of or relating to the medical care or illnesses of children
author - n. the writer of a report or book
guess - v. to form an opinion about something
dehydrated - adj. describes the removal of water or liquid from something, such as food
lethargic - adj. feeling a lack of energy or a lack of interest in doing things
fever - n. a higher than normal body temperature
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