Earth is now considered to be in a "danger zone," a new study says.
一项新的研究表明，地球现在处于“危险地带”。
An international group of scientists called Earth Commission did the study. It appeared in the publication Nature.
一个名为地球委员会的国际科学家小组进行了这项研究。内容发表在《自然》杂志上。
The researchers report that conditions on Earth have pushed past seven of eight safety limits established by science. The experts say the planet is very sick and all life, humans included, face extreme risks as a result.
研究人员报告说，地球上的环境已经超过了科学确定的8项安全极限中的7项。专家们表示，地球已经病重，包括人类在内的所有生命都面临着极端的风险。
The study examines climate, air pollution, fertilizer pollution in water, groundwater supplies, fresh surface water, the unbuilt natural environment and the larger human-built environment. The research shows each of those areas have passed into dangerous conditions worldwide. Only air pollution is within the identified safety zone, the scientists report.
这项研究调查了气候、空气污染、水中肥料污染、地下水供应、新鲜地表水、未建成的自然环境和更大范围的人为环境。研究表明，这些地区在全球范围内都已进入危险状态。科学家们报告说，只有空气污染尚在确定的安全范围内。
However, the report notes that air pollution is dangerous at local levels.
然而，该报告指出，空气污染在地方层面是危险的。
The study found problem "hot spot" areas throughout the world, much of it from climate change. About two-thirds of Earth does not meet safe levels for freshwater supply, scientists said.
该研究发现，问题“热点”地区遍布全球，其中大部分来自气候变化。科学家说，地球上大约三分之二的地区没有达到淡水供应的安全水平。
Joyeeta Gupta is the Earth Commission co-chair and professor of environment at the University of Amsterdam. She told reporters that if planet Earth went to a medical exam, "our doctor would say that the Earth is really quite sick right now and it ... is also affecting the people living on Earth."
乔耶塔·古普塔(Joyeeta Gupta)是地球委员会联合主席，也是阿姆斯特丹大学的环境学教授。她告诉记者，如果地球去做一次体检，“我们的医生会说地球现在真的病得很重，而且……也影响着生活在地球上的人们。”
But the planet can recover if people make changes, the researchers report. Such reforms would include reducing the use of coal, oil and natural gas and improving treatment of land and water, the scientists said.
但研究人员报告称，如果人们做出改变，地球可以恢复。科学家们表示，这些改革将包括减少煤炭、石油和天然气的使用，以及改善土地和水的处理。
But "we are moving in the wrong direction on basically all of these," said study lead author Johan Rockstrom, from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany.
但该研究的主要作者、来自德国波茨坦气候影响研究所的约翰·罗克斯特罗姆(Johan Rockstrom)说:“基本上，我们在所有这些方面都朝着错误的方向前进。”
The team of about 40 scientists created measurable boundaries for each environmental category. They decided the level where it is safe for the planet. The point at which it becomes harmful for groups of people, the researchers called a justice issue.
这个由大约40名科学家组成的团队为每个环境类别都设定了可测量的界限。他们设定了对地球来说安全的标准。研究人员将对部分群体有害的程度，称之为公平问题。
Rockstrom said he thinks of those points as setting up "a safety fence'' outside of which the risks become higher, but not necessarily disastrous.
罗克斯特罗姆说，他认为这些要点是设立了“一道安全围栏”，超出这道围栏的风险会更高，但不一定是灾难性的。
Rockstrom and other scientists have attempted in the past this type of measuring of Earth's connected ecosystems. The big difference in this attempt is that scientists also looked at local and area levels and added the idea of justice.
罗克斯特罗姆和其他科学家过去曾尝试过这种测量地球上相互联系的生态系统的方法。这次尝试的最大不同之处在于，科学家们还研究了地方和地区层面，并加入了公平的理念。
The justice part includes fairness between young and old generations, different nations and even different species. Frequently, it applies to conditions that harm people more than the planet.
公平问题存在于年轻人和老年人之间，不同国家之间，甚至不同物种之间，通常，它也适用于对人类的伤害大于对地球的伤害。
An example of that is climate change.
气候变化就是一个例子。
The report uses the same boundary of 1.5 degrees Celsius of warming that international leaders agreed upon in the 2015 Paris climate agreement. The world has so far warmed about 1.1 degrees Celsius so it has not crossed that safety fence, Rockstrom and Gupta said. But that does not mean people are not being hurt.
该报告使用了国际领导人在2015年巴黎气候协议中商定的1.5摄氏度的变暖界限。罗克斯特罗姆和古普塔说，到目前为止，全球气温已经上升了1.1摄氏度，还没有越过这个安全围栏。但这并不意味着人们没有受到伤害。
What we are trying to show through our paper is that even at 1 degree Centigrade there is a huge amount of damage taking place, Gupta said.
古普塔说:“我们试图通过我们的论文表明，即使是1摄氏度，也会发生巨大的破坏。”
The planetary safety boundary of 1.5 degrees has not been reached. But the "just" boundary of 1 degree where people are hurt has been.
地球还没有达到1.5度的安全界限。但人们受到伤害的1度的“公平”边界已经存在。
Stanford environmental studies head Chris Field was not part of the research. He said he would want even more strict boundaries.
斯坦福大学环境研究负责人克里斯·菲尔德没有参与这项研究。他说他想要更严格的界限。
Sustainability and justice are inseparable, he said.
“可持续性和公平是不可分割的。”他说。
I'm Dan Novak.
丹·诺瓦克报道。
Earth is now considered to be in a "danger zone," a new study says.
An international group of scientists called Earth Commission did the study. It appeared in the publication Nature.
The researchers report that conditions on Earth have pushed past seven of eight safety limits established by science. The experts say the planet is very sick and all life, humans included, face extreme risks as a result.
The study examines climate, air pollution, fertilizer pollution in water, groundwater supplies, fresh surface water, the unbuilt natural environment and the larger human-built environment. The research shows each of those areas have passed into dangerous conditions worldwide. Only air pollution is within the identified safety zone, the scientists report.
However, the report notes that air pollution is dangerous at local levels.
The study found problem "hot spot" areas throughout the world, much of it from climate change. About two-thirds of Earth does not meet safe levels for freshwater supply, scientists said.
Joyeeta Gupta is the Earth Commission co-chair and professor of environment at the University of Amsterdam. She told reporters that if planet Earth went to a medical exam, "our doctor would say that the Earth is really quite sick right now and it ... is also affecting the people living on Earth."
But the planet can recover if people make changes, the researchers report. Such reforms would include reducing the use of coal, oil and natural gas and improving treatment of land and water, the scientists said.
But "we are moving in the wrong direction on basically all of these," said study lead author Johan Rockstrom, from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany.
The team of about 40 scientists created measurable boundaries for each environmental category. They decided the level where it is safe for the planet. The point at which it becomes harmful for groups of people, the researchers called a justice issue.
Rockstrom said he thinks of those points as setting up "a safety fence'' outside of which the risks become higher, but not necessarily disastrous.
Rockstrom and other scientists have attempted in the past this type of measuring of Earth's connected ecosystems. The big difference in this attempt is that scientists also looked at local and area levels and added the idea of justice.
The justice part includes fairness between young and old generations, different nations and even different species. Frequently, it applies to conditions that harm people more than the planet.
An example of that is climate change.
The report uses the same boundary of 1.5 degrees Celsius of warming that international leaders agreed upon in the 2015 Paris climate agreement. The world has so far warmed about 1.1 degrees Celsius so it has not crossed that safety fence, Rockstrom and Gupta said. But that does not mean people are not being hurt.
"What we are trying to show through our paper is that even at 1 degree Centigrade there is a huge amount of damage taking place," Gupta said.
The planetary safety boundary of 1.5 degrees has not been reached. But the "just" boundary of 1 degree where people are hurt has been.
Stanford environmental studies head Chris Field was not part of the research. He said he would want even more strict boundaries.
"Sustainability and justice are inseparable," he said.
I'm Dan Novak.
_______________________________________
Words in This Story
zone — n. an area that is different from other areas in a particular way
hot spot — n. a place where there is much danger or fighting
category — n. a group of people or things that are similar in some way
sustainability — n. able to be used without being completely used up or destroyed
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